Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells - Essay Example Although there are 6 challenges facing fuel cells, nations led by the U.S and Japan have taken the lead in developing hydrogen and fuel cells as their premier energy choice of the future. Global demand for energy is increasing at a frightening pace. World Energy Technology & Climate Policy Outlook {WETO} estimates that it will grow at an annual rate of 1.8% for the next two decades. The demand is presently being satisfied mainly by fossil fuels that are not only expensive and release greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere but are also fast depleting (European Commission, 2003, page 9, para.1). In contrast, the hydrogen energy and fuel cell system ensures energy safety and regular supply, it is economically competitive and it does not pollute the air, but in fact reduces greenhouse gases; the recognition of these benefits is apparent as countries like the U.S and Japan, are laying the platform to ensure that it features heavily in the coming future. Hydrogen {chemic al sign H} is not a basic energy source {such as crude oil and gas}, but an energy carrier (European Commission, 2003, page 10, para.3). It is the most in-elaborate and most plentiful element on earth. A hydrogen atom has a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist by itself in a natural gaseous form but readily combines with other elements {for example, it combines with oxygen to form water [H2O]} to form substances. Hydrogen is also contained in several organic compounds, especially hydrocarbons that are part of fuels like gasoline and methanol. Hydrogen can be separated from water by a procedure called electrolysis which uses electric current to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen can be split from hydrocarbons by a procedure called reforming that uses heat to carry out the separation (Renewable Energy World.com, 2009, para.1&2).A fuel cell (FIG.1) unites oxygen and hydrogen to produce electricity by an electrochemical process.

Higher Certificate Golf Management Graded Unit Case Study Essay

Higher Certificate Golf Management Graded Unit Case Study - Essay Example ublished rules: golfing matches and their popularity were still played using all manner of improvised equipments, on public lands with bets becoming a salient feature. It was not uncommon for the matches to be followed by festive group drinking and unrestrained celebratory outcomes on the course. Thus the character of golf remained without significant impact that the rules were meant to bring. In 1783 a significant transformation nonetheless appeared to change the face of golf. A reference to etiquette for the very first time in history, â€Å"While a stroke is playing none of the party shall walk about, by speaking or otherwise† (The rules of golf,1783),was inserted by the Society of golfers even though other existing clubs such as St Andrews, Leith, Bruntsfield and Crail not doing so. By 1810 the Glascow Golf Club took it a notch higher by expanding the etiquette code through stating that, â€Å"Every member who is a player, that is who has played twice during the season, shall make a match on the day when the club is played for, and play for it under the penalty of a bottle of rum (The rules of Golf, 1810).Slowly golf was transforming in perceptions of manners and was as a result getting socially perceived as a sport for social improvement. Following, rules were made that in the same lines of etiquette that demanded attendants to keep quiet, to walk after the p layers and refrain from removing objects from the course. These rules were to be adopted by other clubs as time went by, even though some other clubs not mentioning about behavior in their respective rules until the late 19th century when the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews instituted a unifying code (Wallenfeldt,:83). (b)The earliest playing instrument was known as Scottish Cleek, a long wooden club. The ball was known as the feather ball. In 1842 appeared the forerunner known as the gutta-perch ball which was impervious to rain and damp thus it extended the playing seasons from dry cold months to